Augusto Vitale, dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, presenta la cosiddetta regola delle 3R, come forma mentis per la ricerca scientifica:
- Replacement, sostituzione della sperimentazione animale con metodi alternativi.- Reduction, riduzione del numero di animali.- Refinement, miglioramento delle condizioni degli animali.
Il principio delle 3R è stato proposto nel 1959 da W.M.S. Russell e R.L. Burch per ridurre l'impatto della sperimentazione sugli animali.
Sperimentazione animale e principio delle 3R
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Epidemic: from reality to fantasy
di Luca Morandi
Comparing the Covid-19 pandemic with two pandemics from literature: “The White Plague” by Frank Herbert and “Station 11” by Emily St. John Mandel
Epidemics is an often recurring theme in world literature, where authors share with us their realistic and unrealistic version of them. I recently read two books with global plagues in them: “The White Plague” by Herbert (1982) and “Station 11” by St. John Mandel (2014). These books came to mind at the outbreak of the new coronavirus epidemics, and I was reminded of the traits of their own epidemics and how puzzled they had left me. I will not compare these three diseases scientifically, as that would be impossible.