Augusto Vitale, dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, presenta la cosiddetta regola delle 3R, come forma mentis per la ricerca scientifica:
- Replacement, sostituzione della sperimentazione animale con metodi alternativi.- Reduction, riduzione del numero di animali.- Refinement, miglioramento delle condizioni degli animali.
Il principio delle 3R è stato proposto nel 1959 da W.M.S. Russell e R.L. Burch per ridurre l'impatto della sperimentazione sugli animali.
Sperimentazione animale e principio delle 3R
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The embarrassing Covid
There's a certain discomfort in having to talk about Covid-19 again, as demanded by the increase in cases that is also recorded in Italy. The reason, writes epidemiologist Stefania Salmaso, might perhaps be identified in the lack of a transparent process that allows understanding on what basis the health authority formulates recommendations, leading to reliance on pundits.
“An embarrassing Covid-19”: It could be the title of a short story by Calvino or a rhyme by Rodari, but it's what we're witnessing these days. The increasing frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infections in various areas of the world, including Italy, has forced mainstream media to address it again. However, it's often discussed with a sort of embarrassment and only for the sake of reporting. When discussing possible countermeasures, the discomfort becomes even more apparent.