Augusto Vitale, dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, presenta la cosiddetta regola delle 3R, come forma mentis per la ricerca scientifica:
- Replacement, sostituzione della sperimentazione animale con metodi alternativi.- Reduction, riduzione del numero di animali.- Refinement, miglioramento delle condizioni degli animali.
Il principio delle 3R è stato proposto nel 1959 da W.M.S. Russell e R.L. Burch per ridurre l'impatto della sperimentazione sugli animali.
Sperimentazione animale e principio delle 3R
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The Indi Gregory case: some questions for reflection

"The 'Indi Gregory Case' encompasses various levels of reflection (medical, ethical, legal, and political) that are interconnected but often confused in media debates. The philosopher of science and bioethicist Giovanni Boniolo analyzes them through a series of questions, the answers to which may also help us in similar cases that may arise in the future. Image: Twilight, by Dilma Freddi.
There has been, and continues to be, much talk about the "Indi Gregory Case." Indi was an eight-month-old baby suffering from a severe, and so far fatal, rare disease. More specifically, Indi was affected by D,L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: a genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance caused by defects in the SLC25A1 gene.